Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C).
In a large bowl, cream together the softened butter, granulated sugar, and brown sugar until light and fluffy.
Add the eggs, one at a time, and mix well after each addition. Stir in the vanilla extract.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the flour, baking soda, and salt.
Gradually mix the dry ingredients into the butter mixture until just combined.
In another bowl, beat together the cream cheese, powdered sugar, and 1/4 cup of the salted caramel sauce until smooth.
Scoop out a tablespoon of cookie dough and flatten it in the palm of your hand. Place a teaspoon of the cream cheese filling in the center, then fold the dough around it and shape into a ball.
Place the filled dough balls on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper, spaced about 2 inches apart.
Bake for 12-15 minutes, or until the edges are lightly golden.
Remove from the oven and drizzle with the remaining salted caramel sauce, then sprinkle with flaky sea salt.
Let cool on the sheet for 5 minutes before transferring to a wire rack to cool completely.